Samuel F. B. Morse, Louis Daguerre, and the birth of photography

Figure 1 - Daguerreotype of Samuel Finlay Breeze Morse, artist, inventor, photographer, 1845.  From the library of Congress and in the public domain.

Figure 1 – Daguerreotype of Samuel Finlay Breeze Morse, artist, inventor, photographer, 1845. From the library of Congress and in the public domain.

I have spoken before about S. F. B. Morse (1791-1872), his introduction of the daguerreotype to American, and the birth of the modern world.  I have been reading David McCullough‘s interesting history of nineteenth Americans and their physical and intellectual journeys to France, “The Greater Journey, Americans in Paris.”  McCullough quotes Morse’s letter to his brothers describing the moment in which he first sees Daguerre’s invention.  I thought that I would share it with you.

“They are produced on a metallic silver-coated [copper] surface, the principal pieces about 7 inches by 5 [inches], and they resemble aquatint engravings, for they are simple chiaroscuro, and not in colors.  But the exquisite minuteness of the delineation cannot be conceived.  No painting or engraving ever approached it.  For example: In a view up the street, a distant sign would be perceived, and the eye could just discern that there are letters upon it, but so minute as not to be read with the naked eye.  By the assistance of a powerful lens, which magnified fifty times, applied to the delineation, every letter was clearly and distinctly legible, and so also were the minutest breaks and lines in the walls of buildings and the pavements of the streets.  The effect of the lens upon the picture was in a great degree like that of a telescope in nature.”

We read in this the encounter of the nineteenth century intellect with the new world that photography represented.  This was truly a seminal moment, and the beginning of a new world perspective.  Truly the dawn of the modern.

Of a moment’s light, Cartier Bresson, and Giorgione’s “The Tempest”

“Photography is not like painting. There is a creative fraction of a second when you are taking a picture.  Your eye must see a composition or an expression that life itself offers you, and you must know with intuition when to click the camera. That is the moment the photographer is creative. Oop! The Moment! Once you miss it, it is gone forever.”

Henri Cartier-Besson (1908-2004)

It was in this way that Henri Cartier-Bresson described capturing the decisive moment in photography.  And we have all been brought up on the myth of Ansel Adams’ “Moonrise Hernandez, NM, 1941”  Actually, I like Adams’ description of that creative moment, of how he almost bungled the whole scene.  I like it because I can relate to it.  More often than not, I do something wrong.  Nowadays, it’s more often than not that I’ve got the camera on power-save off.

Still using a camera has certainly gotten a lot easier.  In the “good?” old days, I used to go out and assess the light, set my camera to a likely exposure and set my focus to an appropriate likely depth-of-field range.  Today you might not even know what I am talking about.  Still I was ready – ready to bungle it all again!

But of course, what you remember best are not your mistakes but your successes.  It was the summer of 1970 and I happened to be standing on a bridge over a canal in Amsterdam, NL.  My Leica M3 was in my supposed preordained state of readiness.  In an instant, and for an instant, I was transported into the threatening, inky-blue, vaporous light of Giorgione’s “The Tempest, 1508.”  I had time for a single exposure.  It was the greatest success of my analogue days.

Figure 1 - Amsterdam, 1970, digitized from an Ektachrome transparency. (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Figure 1 – Amsterdam, 1970, digitized from an Ektachrome transparency. (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Death and resurrection in marble

Figure 1 Death, Delwood Cemetery, Manchester, VT, (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Figure 1 – Death, Delwood Cemetery, Manchester, VT, (c) DE Wolf 2013.

The other side to Vermont marble is the magnificent monuments carved in it.  In the old cemeteries of Vermont and New Hampshire you see the great skill of New England sculptors.  It was for that reason that I was enticed to explore Manchester Vermont’s Delwood Cemetery, whose entrance is just adjacent to the entrance to Hildene House, the summer home of Robert Todd Lincoln.

Ponder the meaning of a cemetery.  Its essential message is dependent upon the religion  that dominates. If it is a Christian cemetery the essential message is one of death and resurrection.  You see a multitude of epitaphs affirming this poignant message.  However, at Delwood I saw something that I thought was truly amazing, the expression of this sentiment strictly in image, an image carved in marble.  It is  part of a plot that is adorned by a wonderful angel carved in the classical style in marble by contemporary artist Fred X. Brownstein. On either side of the angel and close to the ground are two friezes carved in high relief.  One shows great looming clouds and the second a curtain of light rays emerging from the clouds.  I have taken closeups of these two tablets and reinterpreted them as Figure 1 and 2, which I call “Death” and Resurrection.”

Unusual for me is the use a blue tone.  In analogue photography this would have been done with an iron salt.  I experimented with many tonal variants, but concluded that this was just right for emphasizing the emerging light.

I think that there is a tremendous level of understanding and creativity associated with capsulizing the quintessential message of the cemetery in stone without words.  It is a tribute to the power of image as meme.  I think also that the choice of the clouds and the light is all the more powerful because in this Vermont valley, dense clouds hanging over and between the mountains is all around you as are the sudden ephemeral tricks of emergent light.

Figure 2 - Resurrection, Delwood Cemetery, Manchester, VT. (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Figure 2 – Resurrection, Delwood Cemetery, Manchester, VT. (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Dorset Quarry

Figure 1 - View of the Dorset Quarry, Dorset, VT (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Figure 1 – View of the Dorset Quarry, Dorset, VT (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Vermont is marble!  Indeed the old part of Manchester Village, opposite the Equinox Resort, is actually paved with marble blocks.  So on my recent trip to Vermont, I had one destination in mind, ahead of time, and that was the Dorset Quarry in Dorset, Vermont.  I had been there before and knew that it was an ideal location for the kind of geometric images that I love.

Dorset Quarry was the first commercial marble quarry in the United States.  It was opened in South Dorset by Isaac Underhill in 1785 and continued to produce marble for the next 130 years.  There were ultimately at least  two dozen quarries located on Mts.  Dorset Mountain and Aeolus. Dorset marble was widely used for headstones, hearths, and mantels as well as for sculpture.  This marble was used for several major architectural masterpieces including:the New York Public Library, the library of Brown University, and Memorial Continental Hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Washington, D.C. as well several of the stately mansions on Fifth Avenue in New York City.Figure 1 is just a snapshot to give you a sense of the location.

It is the usual black as night water filled town swimming holes.  It conjures up nightmares of accidental drowning deaths.  However, I am assured that the actual safety record of the quarry is much better and that there have not been any fatal incidents at the Dorset Quarry.  Still it seems the perfect setting for a Stephen King novel or M. Night Shyamalan movie.

There are huge blocks of graffiti covered quarried marble blocks which decorate the site.  These form abstract designs ideal for photography.  I have several successful photographs from this trip, which I will publish over the next few weeks.  Figure 2 is an example.   I find that the man-made bore holes enhance the majesty of the marble.  Marble is an interesting substance to photograph.  It comes in many varieties.  Dorset marble is know for its blueness.  However, a given image seems to call out fro its own intrinsic toning.  I have chosen a cold blueish tone for Figure 1 but a warmer sepia tone for Figure 2.

Figure 2 - Dorset Quarry #1 Dorsert, VT, (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Figure 2 – Dorset Quarry #1, Dorset, VT, (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Vermont Color

Figure 1 - Tree, Norwich, VT, (c) DE Wolf 2013

Figure 1 – Tree, Norwich, VT, (c) DE Wolf 2013

We have been taking a short vacation to Manchester, Vermont – which is a very beautiful valley set in the Green Mountains.  Reminiscent of our vacation last year to Maine, the beautiful weather ended the day we left – but sunshine is where you make it. So once again it was time to be creative with my camera and to continue to learn about the subjects that I like to photograph.

Vermont is, of course famous for its fall colors.  But spring too has its own magnificent shades, starting with the perfect chartreuse  greens of the newly born spring leaves, emergent everywhere.  The flowering trees are magnificent, and even the lilacs are starting to come out in abundance.

On the way up, we stopped first in Norwich at the King Arthur Flour Bakery and Bakery School Campus.  I saw a trail that led into a pine forest and couldn’t resist.  The colors inside were very subtle shades of reddish brown.  A golden retriever greeted me, anxious to be my friend  and play.  The forest went through a wetland, and a little flat board bridge took me across a bog, where I found the remains of an old tree, covered in moss, and still raising what was left of its branches in a mock spooky greeting.  I paused to photograph it using my monopod and experimented a bit to determine whether augmenting the subdued light with flash would improve the scene.  In the end, I settled on the subtlety of the natural light.

Figure 2 - Vermont Flannel, Woodstock, VT, (c) 2013 DE Wolf.

Figure 2 – Vermont Flannel, Woodstock, VT, (c) 2013 DE Wolf.

From Norwich we drove to historic Woodstock, where we discovered, or rediscovered, the brilliant color of Vermont Flannel.  This little narrow shop is  a Vermont mainstay.  It is famous for the three children (manikins) that sit outside, dressed in colorful flannel regardless of the weather, and is stuffed with brightly colored reminders that winter is never far behind in this part of New England. I had trouble framing pictures because the shop was so long and narrow, but did manage a few images that I liked in the end.  Picking up on the same theme, we stopped later in the day at the Vermont Country Store in Weston, VT where I found a pair of women’s rain boots that matched the enthusiasm of all the flannel.  So despite the rain I marked it up as a very colorful day in the end.

Figure 3 - Boots at the Vermont Country Sore. (c) 2013 DE Wolf.

Figure 3 – Boots at the Vermont Country Sore. (c) 2013 DE Wolf.

Blue snow – another color correction problem

Figure 1 - Bicycle Patrol, 1968 digitized image from a Ektachrome transparency, uncorrected for blue show effect. (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Figure 1 – Bicycle Patrol, 1968 digitized image from a Ektachrome transparency, uncorrected for blue snow effect. (c) DE Wolf 2013.

The photograph in Figure 1 was taken at the boat house in Central Park, NYC after a major snow storm in 1968.  The color is as the Ektachrome transparency recorded it.  Blue snow?  Snow isn’t blue; it’s white.  Or is it?

Why is the snow blue?  It’s actually not a problem with the film but rather with the snow itself.  We’re illuminating with daylight, that is beautiful white light.  The color of things comes from three phenomena:  light absorption, light scattering, and interference.  Let’s leave interference, the root cause of color in oil slicks and butterfly wings, for another day and concentrate on absorption and light scattering.  Remember that white light is a mixture of colors or wavelengths that our eye/brain interpret as white.   If you have a surface say a piece of white paper that scatters all wavelengths of light it  appears white.  However, if you have a leaf that reflects or scatters green light but absorbs other colors it will appear green.  So the dominant factor in the color of leaves, and flowers, and other pretty things is what wavelengths it absorbs or removes from white.  Sounds like subtractive color to me!

Now why is the sky blue?  The atmosphere is made of air.  The molecules of the air, the oxygen, nitrogen, etc. scatter the light.  Physicists call this particular flavor of scattering Rayleigh scattering.  Rayleigh scattering goes inversely as the fourth power of the wavelength.  So if you have blue light say 450 nm it will scatter (700/450)^4 or   5.9 times more by air than red light at 700 nm.   Basically the red light shines down on us while the blue light scatters all over the place, making the sky blue.

The same is true of snow.  White light strikes the snow.  The blue light reflects back, while the red light penetrates further, eventually becoming absorbed.  So the snow appears blue. Snow flakes and thin snow don’t absorb much; so they appear white.  Thicker snow and glacial crevices appear blue, as does the snow on my rowboat.

Your eye/brain tends to correct for this and still see white.  In digital photography you can use image processing software, like Adobe Photoshop, to “correct” for the blue snow and make it appear as you expect it to be, namely white.  I’ve done this in Figure 2, using adjust color balance in Photoshop.  Again, you can decide which coloration you prefer.

 

Figure 2 - Bicycle Patrol, 1968 digitized image from a Ektachrome transparency, corrected for blue show effect. (c) DE Wolf 2013.

Figure 2 – Bicycle Patrol, 1968 digitized image from a Ektachrome transparency, corrected for blue snow effect. (c) DE Wolf 2013.

White balance and color temperature

Figure 1 - Black body spectrum illustrating the concept of color temperature.  From the Wikimediacommons by Dariusz Kowalczyk and in the public domain under creative commons license.

Figure 1 – Black body spectrum illustrating the concept of color temperature. From the Wikimediacommons by Dariusz Kowalczyk and in the public domain under creative commons license.

An obvious question is whether reciprocity failure is related to white balance and color temperature.  the answer is yes and no.  The yes part comes from the common point to both reciprocity failure and white balance that films are designed for a certain mixture of colors in the light.  The no part is that reciprocity failure relates to low and very high light levels, while color balance really applies to the central portion of the sensitivity curve.

Let’s use the terms white balance and color temperature synonymously.  They’re actually kissin’ cousins, but not quite the same thing – but we don’t need to worry about semantic differences here.  When the sun rises in the morning it is reddish, becomes whiter until noon, and then starts to go back to red.  This has to do with atmospheric absorption and scattering of light.  The sun is an incandescent light source, which means that it emits light over a broad region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which our eyes call white because we are programmed to do so.  If you took a piece of iron or tungsten and heated it up to 5900 degrees Kelvin (the Celsius or centigrade temperature plus 273 degrees), it would glow with a spectrum nearly identical to that of the sun.  Hence, the sun is rated as having a color temperature  If you heated it to a lower temperature it would appear red, to a higher temperature blue.  The applet of Figure 1 shows this pretty graphically.  The temperature is given as is the spectrum in red and the rectangle shows you the color that your eye would perceive.

Your eye does a pretty good job of correcting for all of this.  Unless you really concentrate on the tonality, your eye-brain will interpret a sheet of paper to be white regardless of whether you look at it under daylight, indoor color lighting, or fluorescent hotter lighting. Your eye does a wonderful job of adapting.  In contrast films do what they are designed to do.  If you are using daylight film it will give you a warm yellowish tone if you take a picture with incandescent light bulbs or a greenish blue tone if you use fluorescent lighting.  To correct for this you either had to use indoor film or rebalance  the color with color correction filters.

Today’s digital cameras do this correction electronically by adjusting the relative contribution of the red, green, and blue pixels.  They do this very well, in my experience, and even can sense the nature of the lighting.  If you are shooting raw images you can turn off white balance and then manipulate it later with your image processing software.

Changing meaning or morphin’ memes in photography

It is curious how within one’s lifetime, one can witness the connotation of an image or word change by 180 degrees.  For me the classical example of this is contained in a poem by English poet Robert Graves (1895-1985), “The Naked and the Nude.”  I think that to us today, the word naked refers to the lustful, the lascivious, and the sinful – something that you would see on a billboard at an adult movie theater.  In contrast, I think that the word nude describes the artful, the beautiful, the epitome of humanness – something that you would see in an art museum or gallery.  But here’s what Robert Graves said, scarce half a century ago (first published in 1961).

“For me, the naked and the nude
(By lexicographers construed
As synonyms that should express
The same deficiency of dress
Or shelter) stand as wide apart
As love from lies, or truth from art.

Lovers without reproach will gaze
On bodies naked and ablaze;
The Hippocratic eye will see
In nakedness, anatomy;
And naked shines the Goddess when
She mounts her lion among men.

The nude are bold, the nude are sly
To hold each treasonable eye.
While draping by a showman’s trick
Their dishabille in rhetoric,
They grin a mock-religious grin
Of scorn at those of naked skin.

The naked, therefore, who compete
Against the nude may know defeat;
Yet when they both together tread
The briary pastures of the dead,
By Gorgons with long whips pursued,
How naked go the sometimes nude!”

It is as if the two words have totally switched and interchanged their meaning.

Back in 1968, I took a set of three Kodak Transparency images of the Consolidated Edison Steam Power Plant on the lower East Side of Manhattan.  Before that day, in the fifties and early sixties such an image would most certainly have been a meme for industrial power, strength, and national growth.  By 1968 the meme was undergoing metamorphosis.  Such an image was coming to mean industrial pollution, global warming, and national putrification.  These images were taken right on the cusp of the transition – so much so that my friend and I were chased away by overzealous security guards at the power plant.

Figure 1 - Consolidated Edison #1, 1968, digitized from a Kodachrome transparency. (c) DE Wolf

Figure 1 – Consolidated Edison #1, 1968, digitized from a Kodachrome transparency. (c) DE Wolf